source:- google.com.pk
Baking is a food cooking method that uses
prolonged dry heat by convection, rather than by thermal radiation, normally in
an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones. The most common baked item is
bread but many other types of foods are baked. Heat is gradually transferred
"from the surface of cakes, cookies, and breads to their centre. As heat
travels through it transforms batters and doughs into baked goods with a firm
dry crust and a softer centre". Baking can be combined with grilling to
produce a hybrid barbecue variant by using both methods simultaneously, or one
after the other. Baking is related to barbecuing because the concept of the
masonry oven is similar to that of a smoke pit.
Because of historical social and familial roles,
baking has traditionally been performed at home by women for domestic
consumption and by men in bakeries and restaurants for local consumption. When
production was industrialized, baking was automated by machines in large
factories. The art of baking remains a fundamental skill and is important for
nutrition, as baked goods, especially breads, are an important but common food,
both from an economic and cultural point of view. A person who prepares baked
goods as a profession is called a baker.
Foods And Techniques
All types of food can be baked but some require
special care and protection from direct heat. Various techniques have been
developed to provide this protection.
In addition to bread, baking is used to prepare
cakes, pastries, pies, tarts, quiches, cookies, scones, crackers, pretzels, and
more. These popular items are known collectively as "baked goods,"
and are often sold at a bakery, which is a store that carries only baked goods,
or at markets, grocery stores, or through other venues.
Meat, including cured meats, such as ham can also
be baked, but baking is usually reserved for meatloaf, smaller cuts of whole
meats, or whole meats that contain stuffing or coating such as bread crumbs or
buttermilk batter. Some foods are surrounded with moisture during baking by
placing a small amount of liquid (such as water or broth) in the bottom of a
closed pan, and letting it steam up around the food, a method commonly known as
braising or slow baking. Larger cuts prepared without stuffing or coating are
more often roasted, which is a similar process, using higher temperatures and
shorter cooking times. Roasting, however, is only suitable for finer cuts of
meat, so other methods have been developed to make tougher meat cuts palatable
after baking. One of these is the method known as en croûte (French for
"in a crust"), which protects the food from direct heat and seals the
natural juices inside. Meat, poultry, game, fish or vegetables can be prepared
by baking en croûte. Well-known examples include Beef Wellington, where the
beef is encased in pastry before baking; pâté en croûte, where the terrine is
encased in pastry before baking; and the Vietnamese variant, a meat-filled
pastry called pâté chaud. The en croûte method also allows meat to be baked by
burying it in the embers of a fire – a favourite method of cooking venison. In
this case, the protective casing (or crust) is made from a paste of flour and
water and is discarded before eating. Salt can also be used to make a
protective crust that is not eaten. Another method of protecting food from the
heat while it is baking, is to cook it en papillote (French for "in
parchment"). In this method, the food is covered by baking paper (or
aluminium foil) to protect it while it is being baked. The cooked parcel of
food is sometimes served unopened, allowing diners to discover the contents for
themselves which adds an element of surprise.
Eggs can also be used in baking to produce
savoury or sweet dishes. In combination with dairy products especially cheese,
they are often prepared as a dessert. For example, although a baked custard can
be made using starch (in the form of flour, cornflour, arrowroot, or potato
flour), the flavour of the dish is much more delicate if eggs are used as the
thickening agent. Baked custards, such as crème caramel, are among the items
that need protection from an oven's direct heat, and the bain-marie method
serves this purpose. The cooking container is half submerged in water in
another, larger one, so that the heat in the oven is more gently applied during
the baking process. Baking a successful soufflé requires that the baking
process be carefully controlled. The oven temperature must be absolutely even
and the oven space not shared with another dish. These factors, along with the
theatrical effect of an air-filled dessert, have given this baked food a
reputation for being a culinary achievement. Similarly, a good baking technique
(and a good oven) are also needed to create a baked Alaska because of the
difficulty of baking hot meringue and cold ice cream at the same time.
Baking can also be used to prepare various other
foods such as pizzas, baked potatoes, baked apples, baked beans, some
casseroles and pasta dishes such as lasagne.
Cultural And Religious Significance
Baking, especially of bread, holds special
significance for many cultures. It is such a fundamental part of everyday food
consumption that the children's nursery rhyme Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's
man takes baking as its subject. Baked goods are normally served at all kinds
of party and special attention is given to their quality at formal events. They
are also one of the main components of a tea party, including at nursery teas
and high teas, a tradition which started in Victorian Britain, reportedly when
Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford "grew tired of the sinking feeling which
afflicted her every afternoon round 4 o'clock ... In 1840, she plucked up
courage and asked for a tray of tea, bread and butter, and cake to be brought
to her room. Once she had formed the habit she found she could not break it, so
spread it among her friends instead. As the century progressed, afternoon tea
became increasingly elaborate."
Benedictine Sisters of the Benedectine Monastery
of Caltanissetta producing the crocette, they used to be prepared for the Holy
Crucifix festivity. This was situated next to the Church of the Holy Cross,
from which the sweets take the name.
For Jews, Matzo is a baked product of
considerable religious and ritual significance. Baked matzah bread can be
ground up and used in other dishes, such as Gefilte fish, and baked again. For
Christians, bread has to be baked to be used as an essential component of the
sacrament of the Eucharist. In the Eastern Christian tradition, baked bread in
the form of birds is given to children to carry to the fields in a spring
ceremony that celebrates the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste.
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